![]() ![]() Nowadays, AM is an unavoidable area for the new industry revolution, also called Industry 4.0, due to its ability to address some of the most significant challenges of industry in this century, such as cloud manufacturing, near net shape products and their customization (Cerejo et al., 2021). Since that, AM has undergone considerable development and has been moving beyond its original prototyping function and small-scale production to advanced manufacturing of functional components in industrial sectors such as aeronautics, automobile, biomedicine and textiles (Alghamdi et al., 2021 Tian et al., 2022). Stereolithography was the first patented AM technology (U.S. Graphical AbstractĪdditive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is defined by the ISO/ASTM 52,900:2021 as “a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies” (ISO/ASTM, 2021). Finally, the conclusion highlights the potential future development and application of the convergence of advanced computational design techniques, product customization, mathematical modelling, simulation, and digital modelling within multifunctional textiles. The opportunities and limits of 3D and 4D printing textiles are also discussed. Although, AM applied on textiles, enables cost and resource efficiency for small scale production through localised production, shorten supply chain and demand driven manufacture, both customisable and scalable, embracing cost and environmental sustainability. Despite its full potential across a range of different applications, such as development of functional filament fibres/wires, 3D printing on textiles, 3D printing completed garments and 4D textiles, needs future developments. Despite all scientific progress, AM applied on textiles is a challenging technique and is still at an embryonic stage of research and technological development (R&TD), mainly due to the technological gap between featured prototypes and scalability in manufacturing. The objective of this review is to identify industrial potential of 4D printing and for further innovation utilizing 5D and 6D printing.ĤD food printing 5D printing 6D printing additive manufacturing physical and chemical changes smart materials.An exhaustive and integrative overview of recent developments in 3D and 4D textiles based on Additive Manufacturing (AM) were provided in order to identify the current state‐of‐the‐art. In future, these new technologies are expected to result in significant innovations in all fields, including the production of high quality food products which cannot be produced with current processing technologies. Moreover, it is noted that 5D and 6D printing can in principle print very complex structures with improved strength and less material than do 3D and 4D printing. Presently, 4D food printing applications have mainly focused on achieving desirable color, shape, flavor, and nutritional properties of 3D printed materials. In addition, the principles, current, and potential applications of the latest additive manufacturing technologies (5D and 6D printing) are reviewed and discussed. This paper reviews and summarizes current applications, benefits, limitations, and challenges of 4D food printing. The last two years have seen a significant increase in studies on 4D as well as 5D and 6D food printing. ![]() 4D printing has been applied successfully to many fields, e.g., engineering, medical devices, computer components, food processing, etc. ![]() 4D printing is a result of 3D printing of smart materials which respond to diverse stimuli to produce novel products. ![]()
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